In general I am interested in the application of landfill gas ( LFG ) to industry.总的来说,我很感兴趣的应用垃圾填埋气(LFG)为业. Commonly I find myself in various location in and out of the US consulting, designing, trouble shooting or starting up equipment for use with landfill gas.通常我发现自己在不同的地点和进行的美国咨询,设计,故障或创办设备用沼气. One common way for the landfill to deal with the gas is to burn it.一个常见的方式进行填埋处理的气体是燃烧. Below is an illustration of one type of equipment used for such an application.下面是一个例子一类设备用于此类申请.
The above image is of an open flare.以上图片是一个开放的火炬. These are also called candelstick and utlity flares.这些也叫candelstickutlity和耀斑.
The Knock Out Pot ( KOP ) is used as a particulate and de-watering filter.该敲锅(海山)作为一种微粒和脱水过滤.
Inside the KOP inlet a defector plate is placed to impinge on the gas flow as it enters the KOP .内斜进叛离板放在冲击的气流,因为它进入海山. This sudden change in direction imposed by the plate results in heavier particulate being knocked out.这一突然改变方向施加板块结果较重的微粒被淘汰. These heavier particales strike the plate and are knocked out of the gas stream.这些重粒子罢工的板块和被淘汰的天然气流. After the LFG has made it past the first obstacle, it now passes into the main vessle.之后,填埋了它过去的第一道关卡,但现在却变成合格的主要血管. THe area of this vessle is much larger than pipe the LFG was traveling in and cause a large reduction in velocity gas.面积这个容器远大于管道的填埋旅行,并造成大量削减流速气体. If any of the heavier suspeneded objects had made it past the defelector plate at the inlet, they now drop out in the main vessel.如果有较重的物体suspeneded使得过去defelector板的进气道,他们现在辍学的主容器.
The final step in the KOP is for the gas to travel through a demisting pad.最后一步,在海山是气体穿过一个除雾垫. This filter is typically selected for filtration between 5-20 micron.这种过滤器是典型的挑选过滤介乎5-20微米. Any remaining liquid in the gas is captured at this point.任何剩余液体气体俘虏了这一点. Eventually the KOP will fill with liquid and requires draining periodically.最终海山将充满液体,并要求定期排水. Back回
While the flare is not prepared for operation the LFG must be prevent from venting.而耀斑是不愿意经营的低脂,必须防止从宣泄. Since landfill gas is combustable and has a very unpleasant oder, the gas is not allowed to vent freely.由于沼气是可燃物,并有一个非常愉快奥说,煤气是不允许自由发泄. This valve is permitted to open once the flare has proved an ignition source is available.这个阀门就是允许开一次耀斑已经证明了点火源的资料. Anytime the flame is lost, this valve is required to close.随时随地的火焰已遗失,此阀门必须关闭. Proper operation of this vavle is very imortant.妥善运作,这种阀门很口语. If this valve fails to close environmental agencies may impose fines on the landfill.如果这个阀门无法关闭环保机关可以处以罚款的堆填区. Back回
When the start sequence is initiated the pilot is ignited.当顺序开始启动试点,是点燃了. Once pilot ignition is proved by temperaure, the blower is started.一旦点火试验证明了体温,鼓风机开始. Back回
As the waste breaks down in the landfill it needs to be removed.作为废物打破在填埋它需要被拆除. If the gas is not actively extracted it will be emitted through the surface of the landfill and may move laterally.如果煤气是不积极的提取将音量透过表面的堆填区及可提出横向联合. If it does move laterally, the gas can move out of the landfill.如果它提出横向联合,气体可以迁出的堆填区. Normally, landfill gas is not found in enough of a concentration to be a problem.一般情况下,沼气是找不到足够的浓度,这是一个问题. But if the gas is not extracted dangerous level can be present.但如果气体中提取不危险水平可以出席. It may end up in buildings in and around the landfill.它可能落得建筑物和周围的垃圾堆填区. When the gas is confined, it becomes a potential fire or explosion hazard.当气体密闭,它成为一个潜在的起火或爆炸的危险. This indicates regular and reliable extraction of the gas is required.这表明经常和可靠提取的燃气需要.
Gas extraction blowers used to apply a vacuum on the landfill must provide adequate vacuum to insure the gas does not leave the landfill.天然气开采鼓风机用于应用了真空填埋必须提供足够的真空,以保证气体不绝不离开填埋场. This requires good design of the collection system and sizing of the blower(s).这就需要好的设计的污水收集系统及浆纱的鼓风机(收盘). Blowers for landfill gas extraction systems may require a total horsepower anywhere from 25HP to 200HP Back鼓风机填埋气体提取系统可能需要一个总马力少则25hp至200hp回
On occasion, the gas extraction may not work properly.有时,天然气开采可能无法正常工作. If the failure allows the LFG to burn with out the blower, gas may burn back into the system.如果失败允许填埋气体燃烧起来了鼓风机,气体烧伤,可回系统. Should this happen, an explosion may occur, the extraction equipment will be damaged, and if present injury or death of personnel may occur.一旦出现这种情况,会发生爆炸,萃取设备,也不会受到损害,而如果目前受伤或死亡人员可能发生. The flame arrestor prevents the combustion of the gas to continue past the arrestor.阻火阻止燃烧的气体继续过去的避雷器. The gas can continue to burn at the face of the arrestor.天然气可以继续烧伤在脸上的避雷器. If the gas does continues to burn, it will eventually melt the arrestor and seal of the gas.如果煤气是否继续燃烧,它终将融化的避雷器及密封的气. If this should happen, the flame arrestor will require replacement costing several thousand dollars, with significant down time of the flare.如果发生这种事,阻火将需要更换价值几千元,重大宕机的耀斑. Back回
For utility flares the stack elevates the flame to keep it away from people and property.公用事业弹栈把火焰,以保持其远离人民和财产的安全. There is significant heat energy present when landfill gas is burned.有大量热能,当垃圾填埋气燃烧. This can dry out vegetation and start a fire.这可以干出植被并开始起火. The height for the flare stack is important design criteria.高度的火炬,是最重要的设计准则. Back回
Proper burner design requires the gas exit the burner tip at a specific velocity for a given flow.适当的燃烧器设计要求出境瓦斯燃烧冰山在某一特定速度为某一特定的流量. Along with the correct exit velocity the proper amount of air must be mixed with the gas.随着正确的撤离速度适当的空气量,必须与混合气体. Air mixing is a passive arrangement.空气混合,是一种被动的安排. This requires the correct size for the windshield.这就需要正确尺寸的挡风玻璃. The windshield prevents the wind from blowing out the flame, and contains the heat long enough to allow the thermocouple to detect the flame.风挡阻止风吹出来的火焰,并含有热量够长,让热电偶检测火焰. Back回
At the start of the flare start sequence the pilot is activated.在开始的火炬顺序开始试点已经启动. To detect the pilot has been activated and lit, the temperature at the pilot is checked.检测试验已经启动,照明,温度,在试验检查. Once the blower is activated this same thermocouple can be used to confirm main burner ignition.一旦鼓风机启动这个热电偶,可以用来确定主燃烧器点火. To insure the flare continues burning the temperature at burner is monitored.投保的火炬继续燃烧温度时,燃烧器是监测. If the temperature drops below the specified low temperature point the flare system is stopped and the header/inlet valve is closed.如果气温低于指定温度低一点的照明系统停止,头/进水阀门封闭. Back回
As mentioned in the KOP section of this document the KOP is used to collect liquids from the landfill gas (also known as condensate).正如在海山节本文件的海山,是用来收集液体从沼气(亦称冷凝). Once the liquid level is high enough it can carry over into the blower.一旦液位够高可以结转到风机. If the condensate should carry over damage to the blower is likely and it can be severe.如果冷凝水应结转损坏的鼓风机,是可能而且可以严重.
To prevent such an event from occurring, a high level switch is installed in the KOP.为防止此类事件再次发生,高开关装在海山. If the liquid level should rise too high in the KOP, the flare system is stopped.如果液面应太高,在海山,照明系统,是天经地义的. The flare can not be restarted until the level switch cleared and the reset button pressed Back耀斑不能启动,直至水平清除开关和RESET按钮,按下回
Flare inlet temperature is monitored to prevent damage to the flame arrester.耀斑进水温度监测,以避免破坏火焰的避雷器. If the flame should burn down into the stack the temperature will elevate flare above normal operating temperature.如果火焰烧伤应降入堆栈的温度将提升照明高于正常运行温度. If this should happen the flare system is shut off.如果发生这种事的照明系统关掉. It can not restart until the temperature has returned to normal and the flare system reset Back它不能启动直至体温已恢复正常,照明系统复位回
The UV Flame monitor is a redundant and secondary monitoring system.紫外火焰监测器是多余和二级监控系统. The UV sensor allows for the quick detection of flame presence and loss.紫外线传感器可用于快速检测火焰存在和损失. Generally these are required were the compliance regulators have a very short time limit on the emission of unburned gas.一般来说,这些都需要有规遵有一个很短的时间限制,对排放的气体燃尽. The UV flame monitor is considered secondary since it can provide a false positive for flame detection.紫外火焰监控被视为次要,因为它可以提供一个假阳性的火焰. With the burner open to the natural environment, ambient light from the sun can stimulate the sensor causing it to indicate flame presence.随着燃烧开放的自然环境,周围光线从太阳可以刺激传感器引起它表明火焰存在. Various methods have been used to limit the opportunity for this to be a problem, but they have downsides as well.各种方法都被用来限制了这个机会是一个问题,但他们有不利影响等.
One method was to limit the view of the sensor.方法之一是限制视野中的传感器. With the view restricted it is very unlikely ambient light will bother the sensor, but on the other hand should the wind should blow the flame away from the sensors view (and it does), the flare will shutdown falsely for flame loss To date the best remedies for the UV sensor reliable operation has been to modify the burner design or use multiple UV sensors.以期限制,这是极不可能的环境光会打扰传感器但另一方面,要风要吹火焰远离传感器期(它)耀斑将关闭虚假火焰损失迄今为止最好的补救紫外线传感器可靠运行被修改的燃烧器设计或使用多重紫外线传感器. Back回
To insure the flare is burning the temperature at burner is monitored.投保的是火炬燃烧温度时,燃烧器是监测. If the temperature drops below the specified low temperature point the flare system is stopped and the header/inlet valve is closed.如果气温低于指定温度低一点的照明系统停止,头/进水阀门封闭. This T/C is use in conjuction with the Pilot T/C Back此笔/三是利用配合试点笔/三回
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